Seeing your canine pal struggling to walk is difficult for any pet owner. You’ll likely have a lot of questions: it is hip dysplasia? Is it ever going to go away? In many canines, the answer is quite different. Dog arthritis is a common problem, one that strikes young and old alike, causing painful movement due to inflammation in the joints.

What Causes It?

Veterinarians are not entirely sure what creates the problem in the first place. It can appear very differently, and often without warning. It can be slow-onset and grow worse over time in gradual increments, or it can suddenly appear in full force. It can occur in young dogs and old alike. Injuries to legs/joints are common predictors, but don’t guarantee that it will appear.

Dog arthritis occurs when, for whatever reason, the natural covering which prevents two bones from rubbing together at the joint begins to erode. This stops smooth functioning, and causes the bones to grate against each other. In normal situations, the covering would regenerate itself, but in some dogs (particularly those who are old or injured) it doesn’t work. In fact, it tends to be a degenerative condition, meaning that once a pup is diagnosed they are likely to continue wearing down the covering and causing themselves even more pain.

Examining Symptoms

The most obvious symptoms are lameness or discomfort around a joint. The pain caused by the condition is typically exacerbated by movement, especially placing weight on the affected area. If your normally active pup becomes lethargic or refuses to get up, go up/down stairs, or jump for balls and toys, you should consider dog arthritis as a potential cause of the symptoms.

Can It Be Reversed?

Left completely untreated, dog arthritis will almost always degenerate. If your pup isn’t replenishing the covering already, he’s unlikely to do so in the future. However, there are several treatment options which can help restore this natural replenishment. Pet vitamins are one of the most popular because they don’t involve giving your pup any drugs, have no side effects, and are less expensive than common vet medicines. Pet vitamins help support the immune system and encourage the body to return to health, which can re-start production of elements such as the joint covering.

Prognosis

As with all conditions, your pup’s individual medical history and current situation will determine his or her individual outlook. However, in general, dog arthritis is not fatal. However, without proper treatment, it is likely to continue degenerating and causing a lot of pain. Ultimately, your pup may become unable to walk on the leg where the pain is concentrated. It can become quite extreme if not addressed, but with proper pet vitamins and the potential for intervention by your veterinarian to help make your canine pal more comfortable, it is very possible to have your pet live a long and happy life even with arthritis.

Author is a freelance copywriter. For more information about dog arthritis, please visit http://www.dogvitaminsupplement.com

When a first time puppy owner goes to pick up their 7 to 8 week old pup, they’re usually beaming with excitement and full of affection. They are set on doing everything in their power to make their new addition to the family welcome in their home. They want to ensure that the lifestyle change that the puppy is facing runs as smoothly as possible. Owners can often be overloaded with all sorts of information on what to feed them and how to take care of the vet needs, before long more and more questions need answering.

Some common questions include:
• When a pups starts to cry at night, should I leave him or give him attention?
• Dog trainers tell me that it’s important to socialise the pup with other dogs, but my vet advised me that I should keep him away from other dogs until he’s had his vaccinations, What should I do?
• What are the best methods of house training your dog?

Advice can vary on these subjects, so this article will provide you with some guidelines that can help you to make more responsible decisions to ensure you raise your pup in the correct way from an early age. Raising a puppy isn’t easy, and that’s why many are given away to better homes because many people don’t know how to communicate the right message to puppies at this important age.

Attention
Some people believe that the less amount of attention that you pay a pup when they cry out, the sooner that they’ll learn to become more independent. In actual fact this isn’t true, the more attention you give a puppy while they are young the more independent they’ll become later on in life. So if a pup cries at night, give him all the attention he needs until he stops crying. This doesn’t mean that you have to cradle him for hours on end, but just let him know that you’re there. It might be an idea for your pup to sleep in your bedroom to begin with so that he’s not alone in his new home. Behaviour like this will help to form a bond between new owners and their pet; it can also help to build a pup’s confidence. The pup’s independence will come when he has overcome the trauma of separation from his mum.

Socialisation
There is period of learning between 3 and 12 weeks where it is vital for owners to expose a pup to as many different kinds of people and different types of clothing as possible. If they enjoy these encounters it will eventually accept strangers as friends. It might be an idea to introduce other animals at this point so they can become familiar as none threatening. It’s important that the animals that your dog meets should be vaccinated, healthy and clean. The encounters should take place in a controlled environment, for example in the safety of your own home. It might be advisable to avoid public places until your pup has been full vaccinated.

House Training
It’s important to keep in mind that a puppy can’t hold urine in for as nearly as long as an adult dog, and at this age a pup has to defecate straight after meals. Paper training can also send the message to your pup that it’s okay to go indoors. You should take him outside at regular intervals throughout the day, and straight after they’ve eaten. You should make going outside a positive experience for your dog and should always be rewarded with a treat.

These are just a few answers to some important questions.

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Pet owners are buying an increasing amount of accessories for their dogs. The collar is probably the first basic accessory to be considered as it is vital to the safety of the dog that the owner can grab onto the dog’s collar to restrain their pet from any dangerous situations. The collar is also necessary to be able to attach a lead for exercising purposes.

An identification tag can also be added in case your pet strays or escapes. Some people recommend that you only have your telephone or mobile phone number on the tag. If the dog’s name is on the tag and somebody is trying to steal your pet, then knowing their name will help them to lure it away.

There is a collar to suit different breeds and size of dog. You can also match a collar to their sex and personality. A small female dog would be better suited to a collar in a soft shade like pink or light blue decorated with some pretty crystals and maybe even a matching leash. The other extreme, a large male dog would look really butch with a leather thick wide collar with metal spikes or crocodile effect.

The main materials used for dog collars are leather, nylon or fabric. Leather is the traditional material and is most durable, versatile and has an elegant appearance. Nylon is lightweight and suitable for smaller breeds. Canvas and woven fabrics are great for sporty dogs who like to go in the water as it will dry quickly.

The fastenings are usually snap, buckle or slip. A buckle is the traditional and is usually used for the leather collars. This is also the only type of collar that is safe to leave on your dog at all times. Snaps are usually used on lightweight nylon and material collars for smaller to medium breeds and also cat collars as the snap fastening can also be quick release if the animal gets into any difficulties. Slip are usually used for greyhounds and are also known as “Martingale”. They work on tension and tighten as the dog or owner pulls on the lead.

There are endless options to choose from when you shop for your dog’s collar and accessories. The most important thing to consider is the animals safety which most dog collar designs take in to serious consideration. Fortunately for dogs and their owners alike, there are many safe dog collar options that are both suitable and aesthetically appealing. It may take some time to find perfect pet collars combining safety, comfort and style, but shopping is half the fun of finding a great pet collar.

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The Australian Shepherd or Australischer Schaferhund is a medium-sized, well balanced dog with ears set high on either side of its triangular-shaped head with a rounded tip. Also called the Aussie in Australia, the breed sports a medium textured coat which can either be wavy or straight of moderate length with an undercoat and weather resistant. The Aussie also has a short and smooth hair on its head and on the outside of its ears. The same hair complexion can also be attributed to the dog’s front forelegs and below its hocks, while the back of its forelegs are slightly feathered. The mane and frills of male dogs are mostly prominent than that of females with a docked and straight bobtail.

As per AKC standards, the tail of an Australian Shepherd must not exceed four inches and those with longer tails are usually docked. Usually, the Aussie’s body is moderately longer than its height at the withers. Its chest is deep rather than broad with the chest’s lowest point reaching the dog’s elbow. Front legs are straight and upright to the ground with oval, clot knit feet with well domed toes. The dog’s front dewclaws are occasionally removed while its back dewclaws are always removed. Its head size should be in proportion the body and a muzzle equal or slightly shorter than the dog’s back skull. Its stop is well-defined and teeth forming a scissors or level bite. The eyes are usually oval and medium-sized with shades of blue, brown, amber or its combination including marbling and flecks. Australian Shepherds usually differ in coat colors, with the usual hues like black, blue merle, liver or red merle, and solid red and on some occasions with white markings and tan.

Temperament

Aussies are usually friendly and easy-going and can get along with children who love to play with them or around them. Aussies are also the perfect watchdog and they can be loyal and guards an abode with all their attention that can lead them to be overprotective at some point. Pointing that dogs are man’s best friends, Aussies are a prime example since they too are loyal, affectionate and attentive. Australian Shepherds also have this notion to know what their master wants and that they are also one of those breeds that does everything to please their owners. Although gentle with humans, they tend to be fierce and aggressive especially when exposed to livestock. They’re built to be natural athletes and seldom will you see an Australian Shepherd how that will just lie around all day and do nothing.

For busy and on the go owners, Aussies are not difficult to live with and normally need a fifteen minute walk a day to occupy them as they also tend to be destructive and nervous especially when left alone. Also, let them socialize with other humans and dogs to accustom them especially when you have lots of visitors coming in and out of your house or apartment. In addition, Aussies are also easy to teach and are one of the more adaptable dog breeds. Certain behaviors such as aggressiveness and nervousness can easily be overcome with proper training and supervision.

Health Concerns

Blind/deaf factor are usually common in merle/merle crosses and should be taken into consideration to check the hearing condition of merle puppies. Bobtailed to natural breeding are also susceptible to spinal disorders. CEA and cataract are also some diseases carried by Aussies. Other concerns include nasal solar dermatitis, Pelger – Huet syndrome, CHD and iris colobana. Others may suggest epilepsy, PRA, distichiasis, lumbar sacral syndrome, among others.

Living Conditions and Exercise

Aussies are best kept on a spacious house with an adequate backyard. Again, Aussies tend to be super active and owners are advised to walk their dog on a daily basis, interchanging brisk walking to moderate jogging. A word of caution: over exercising an Australian Shepherd will also make them aggressive.

Life Span and Litter Size

Australian Shepherds usually live up to 12 – 15 years and can produce 6 – 9 puppies.

Cherr A.Q. is an Australian shepherd expert. For more great information on australian shepherds information, visit http://www.raisingaustralianshepherds.com.

You might want to agree to this question, reminiscing the time when your dog enjoyed a bite of chocolate with no adverse effect at all.

Well, Chocolate is harmful for dogs, but the effect varies according to amount and type of chocolate eaten; and the age and weight of your dog.

In fact, poisoning of dogs by chocolate is not as uncommon as you might think.

Why is Chocolate Harmful for Dogs?

Chocolates have a chemical stimulant similar to caffeine in them. It’s called theobromine. According to the experts, theobromine is toxic to a dog when it is ingested between 100 and 150 milligrams per kilogram of body weight.

The percentage of Theobromine differs widely in each type of Chocolate. Puppies are especially vulnerable to theobromine poisoning because they can’t eliminate caffeine from the bloodstream nearly as quickly as adults.

In humans, theobromine results in frequent urination and affects the central nervous system as well as heart muscle.

What are the Symptoms of Theobromine Poisoning in dogs?

Within the first few hours, the symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea or hyperactivity. With time there’s increased absorption of theobromine in bloodstream, causing a rapid rise in the heart beat, arrhythmia, restlessness, twitching, and excessive panting.

If the theobromine dose is more, it can lead to hyperthermia, tremors, seizures, coma and eventually death.

What’s the Maximum Amount of Chocolate My Dog can eat?

There is no general benchmark for it. A lot of this depends on your dog’s age and physical condition. An old or sick one would have a lower threshold for Theobromine poisoning than a healthier and younger dog.

Another factor that must be taken into account is the type of chocolate.

Which chocolate are safer, or have lesser percent of Theobromine?

Milk Chocolate has the least amount of theobromine. Baking chocolate has the highest amount of Theobromine.

Here is the list in increasing order of Theobromine:

Hot chocolate, Milk chocolate, baking chocolate, semi-sweet chocolate.

The quantity of chocolate consumed also has a direct correlation with the weight of your dog. Small dogs can be poisoned from smaller amounts of theobromine.

What should I do if my dog has ingested chocolate & is sick?

The first-aid treatment for chocolate poisoning involves its removal from the body, before theobromine’s circulation, by following steps

-Inducing vomiting,
-Administering activated charcoal to a slurry consistency, which absorbs theobromine byproducts.
-Dog owners should prepare an emergency kit at home. Plus you should consult your vet for the guidance on first-aid treatment for your dog.
-Your dog can suffer from dehydration after vomiting. Provide plenty of water.
-If your dog’s symptoms remain the same within 6-8hrs or worsen further, call your vet. If you have a very small or young dog, consult a vet sooner.

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Who doesn’t OOH and AAH over puppies and kittens? It’s hard to resist the cuteness and friendliness of such creatures. However, after several months and the “teenage times”, many young dogs and cats that are adopted are returned to shelters because the “cuteness” has worn off.

There are many advantages to adopting an older pet, even those known as “seniors”. Many people are hesitant to adopt an older dog or cat for various reasons, including the concern of the animal not bonding with a new owner. However, age makes no difference when it comes to humans and pets bonding – most senior pets know the joy of spending time in a family and miss that companionship when they are turned into a shelter or rescue; they are eager to find that sense of camaraderie and security once again. My husband adopted a 10-year-old Cocker Spaniel a few years ago, and he is completely devoted to us. In fact, I’m sure if he could talk instead of simply wag his tail, he would constantly tell us ‘thank you!’ Cody is a fine, loyal friend and a great addition to our family.

Here are five great reasons to adopt a mature pet:

· Puppies and kittens require a great deal of attention and time, and for busy families, time is something of a commodity. Mature pets can be left alone for longer periods of time, and often enjoy having ‘down time’. Now, this doesn’t mean they should be locked up in a kennel all the time and it doesn’t mean they don’t need exercise – adult pets just require LESS time and energy than puppies or kittens.

· Young ones require training, such as housebreaking, and a great deal of patience. Older pets often come housebroken/litter box trained, and in many cases, adult dogs have some basic obedience training, such as knowing “sit”, “stay” and “come”.

· What you see is what you get when you adopt an adult – adopting a mature pet allows you to know more about its size and temperament, whereas adopting a puppy or kitten is sometimes a guessing game when it comes to the animal’s temperament and size.

· Older pets expend less energy – often, a simple walk around the neighborhood for an older dog is sufficient, and mature cats enjoy lounging in the sun more than chasing strings or feathers. So if you’re not terribly active, an older pet might suit your lifestyle.

· Adopting an older pet is truly a selfless act. As an animal ages, its chances of adoption grow slimmer; by giving a mature pet a home, you’re showing great compassion and empathy – and gaining a wonderful furry friend in the process!

Some people think if an older dog or cat is in the shelter there must be something wrong with it – not so! Many adult and senior pets are relinquished because the owner can no longer care for them due to the person’s health or even death. In fact, the number one reason people give for relinquishing their pet is moving. Some of the most wonderful companion animals in need of new homes are awaiting another chance to shower a family or individual with devotion, just as they did with their previous owner.

So, if adding a new pet to your home is on your ‘to-do list’ in the near future, consider adopting an adult or senior pet – you, too, can know the joy of hanging out with an adoring, mature four-footed friend and giving that adult pet a special, loving retirement home! That pet will thank you for your kind act!

Gayle Mansfield Irwin is an author and freelance writer with a strong background in animal welfare. Her credentials include work as a journalist and a humane and conservation educator as well as public relations professional. Her volunteer work includes helping transport pets going into rescue or going from rescue to their new homes. She is the author of Sages Big Adventure (Xlibris, July 2007), an inspirational book about her blind dog as well as Sage Learns to Share, a story about friendship and trust (Publish America 2009). She is also a contributing writer to two editions of Chicken Soup for the Soul. Provide your child or another dog lover (yourself perhaps!) with Ms. Irwin’s unique inspirational, engaging books! Learn more at http://www.gaylemirwin.com. Testimonial: I received a copy of your book yesterday and read it in one sitting. It was so touching and such a great story about Sage. I loved it! Nadine Van Alstine, Special Education Teacher and Volunteer Coordinator – English Springer Spaniel Rescue, Rocky Mountain Chapter – Colorado

Dog attacks are much more common than people may realize and as such people (especially deliverymen, mailmen, runners, etc…) need to be prepared to thwart an attack by a potentially dangerous canine. Two of the more popular products for repelling a dog are dog repellent spray and the electronic dog repeller. But which of these is better? That is a question that might not be so easily answered until we evaluate exactly what each of these self-defense items really are and what each of these devices actually do.

First let’s start with dog spray and explaining exactly what that is. Dog repellent spray is just that, a spray that repels dogs. The truth of the matter is that this spray is nothing more than pepper spray, the same exact ingredients found in pepper spray for humans. It’s extremely effective against both humans and dogs because the spray works as an extreme inflammatory that causes severe burning and swelling in the mucus membranes of the dog that is sprayed and that can not only cause extreme discomfort but actually temporarily blind an attacking dog (due to the swelling of the eyes). The only drawback with dog repellent spray is that it has a limited range of about 6-8 feet and that is pretty close quarters for a dog that is in the midst of trying to attack you. Plus it does cause immense pain, albeit temporary, to the dog and so one should be confident that the dog that you are spraying was indeed a threat to your personal safety and that the spraying was justified in that sense.

The electronic dog repeller is an entirely different self-defense tool and works not by emitting an inflammatory spray but by emitting an extremely high decibel sound that is also very high frequency and hence can only be heard by canines. This device causes enough discomfort and confusion with its alarm that dogs naturally exit the area that the sound is coming from. It causes no severe pain, swelling or harms a dog in any way, shape, or form. It has a much longer range than dog spray and can be effective up to 50 yards away, a much more comfortable distance than the 6-8 feet afforded by dog repellent spray. However, there is a major drawback with this particular device and that is that they just aren’t as effective at truly subduing an attacking canine as is dog spray. If a dog is very hard of hearing or just attacks in spite of the discomfort caused by this device’s alarm then you are in serious trouble. Whereas with pepper spray the dog is going to feel immense pain and possibly even be blinded temporarily while its eyes are swollen.

So please take all of these facts in account when deciding upon which form of dog repeller is ultimately right for you.

Stay Safe,
Carl Vouer

To see more about dog repellent spray or an electronic dog repeller please visit us at Puzek Security Systems

What is Brewers Yeast?

By definition, brewers yeast is a nutritional supplement for dogs. Yeast themselves are organisms that eat sugars and put out carbon dioxide. Typically you’ll find that yeast is used to make beer, wine and bread which is where the term “brewer” derived from. With the low-grade brewers yeast dietary supplements, the substances may be left over from a past beer production, whereas the high-finish substances are grown particularly for the purpose of your pet.

For years, pet owners have been looking for holistic strategies to make their pets healthier and to help them with any ailments which is where it came through. Brewers is among the most effectively-used dietary supplements for dogs. Though it could sound like a miracle cure for your pet, an unlimited amount of canine do not enjoy the taste of yeast and a few may even have/develop an allergy to it and so it’s imperative that you simply use brewers yeast with caution.

What are the Advantages of them?

There are many reasons to why pet owners will provide this complement to their dogs.

The immense dietary value.

Brewers yeast is stuffed with biotin, B vitamins, zinc, amino acids, and proteins. The amino acids found on this complement help to make the dog’s pores and skin and coat healthier and shinier.

Assist strengthen immune systems.

By way of various studies, it was shown that this nutritional supplement even helped chickens from obtaining salmonella from their tainted food supply. There are various B vitamins and selenium that may be found in this method and so when given to your dog as a part of their healthy diet, it will probably help stop infections and parasites from affecting your dog.

It lets you eliminate fleas.

One of the largest considerations of owning a canine is whether or not they’ll get fleas or not. When you start to notice that your pet has fleas you may give them brewers and it’ll get rid of these pesky critters. There may be sulfur compounds inside them that helps to deter the bugs from your pet. Using sulfur helps your dog to odor unappealing to fleas and considering that their pores and skin and coat could have improved from use, this may make your canine a much less seemingly host for fleas.

Brewers yeast is without a doubt one of the most popular ways to ensure the overall well being of your dog, it’s also a remedy for these would-be dog digestive problems. Though chances are you’ll be tempted, the nutritional value of brewers yeast is not helpful to all canines, each pet is different and a small % are allergic to the compounds found in this holistic remedy. If you are contemplating brewers yeast as a method to improve the well being of your canine, talk to you veterinarian to make sure that your dog is not going to present unintended effects from an allergy to the compounds. This nutritional supplement will help to improve your pet’s well being inside a matter of months!

Learn more about Brewers Yeast for Dogs.

Josh is the author of BrewersYeastForDogs.net, To learn more about BrewersYeast or other nutritional supplements for your dog, please visit http://brewersyeastfordogs.net

It is crucial to begin training your puppy in the first week. Routine, consistency, healthy interaction and positive reinforcement are essential things that must be started as soon as the puppy arrives at its new home.

Routine

It is very important to establish a routine as soon as your new puppy arrives home. Routine helps the puppy to feel safe and secure in its new environment and settle in better. Do not fuss over the puppy too much after bringing it home because it will quickly become unruly and demanding. Make sure that your puppy has its own space in the house straight away that includes warm bedding and plenty of dog toys. Decide and stick to a routine for feeding, walking and cleaning up mess.

Consistency

Train your puppy consistently in short sessions. A puppy will quickly become confused and frustrated if you are not consistent with your training. A puppy is very impressionable during the first week and will quickly learn rules and routines. Start training as soon as the puppy arrives home and do not use the excitement of the first week as an excuse to break consistency.

Positive Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement is vital when training your new puppy in the first week. A puppy has no idea how to behave so you need to be patient and show it the correct behaviour. Encourage good behaviour with lots of praise and rewards. Make training sessions fun and based on trust and your puppy will grow in confidence. Never hit or yell at your puppy when it misbehaves. Also, don’t forget to follow up with dog treats on positive behaviors.

Socialization

Socialization is a vital part of training in the first week and helps to strengthen the bond between you and your puppy. A properly socialized puppy will become a friendly, well-behaved and mentally healthy adult dog. Get lots of different people to pick up and interact with your puppy in a relaxed environment. Supervise your puppy while it explores its new surroundings. Take your puppy to puppy socialization classes so that it can meet and play with other puppies. Do not expose your new puppy to threatening situations as this can damage it for life.

Vaccinations

It is vital to get an appointment with your veterinarian as soon as possible after your puppy arrives home. A puppy must be fully vaccinated against the main canine diseases before it can go outside and interact with other dogs.

The training methods you use in the first week will determine what your puppy will be like as an adult dog. Although training a puppy is hard work, it is also hugely rewarding and should be an enjoyable experience.

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Training your dog, is there anything more exciting and fun? Obedience is very important and should be the foundation for all your dog training, but when you want to show off the skills your dog has learned you also have to have a few tricks up your sleeve as well.

From the very beginning of training, you must have your dog’s respect and confidence. Dogs are social pack animals, therefore your dog must know that you are a strong leader and that he or she can trust you. If your dog doesn’t see you in this light, he will soon begin to take over because he does not see you as the strong, fearless leader he needs you to be.

If your dog does not trust you, your training sessions will be difficult. Confidence and trust are not a given, you must earn them from your dog. Once a dog trusts you, you will be amazed at how fast you can train your dog.

A mistake that people often make with their dog is to shower them with too much attention. Showering them with attention does not make your dog trust you. The message that you are sending to your dog is that you like them. To your dog you are on the same level as one of their littermate’s and they do not have to listen to their littermate. On the other hand, they do have to listen to their mother or pack leader. You need to assume the same role as the pack leader. Because people give too much attention to their dog, it is easy for your dog to avoid the rules you have set and then step over the boundaries.

Dogs need boundaries, they appreciate boundaries and as long as you are consistent with your discipline and rewards, they will follow the rules. The pack leader sets the rules and every dog knows this. In this situation, the dog will know he is somewhere in the pecking order below the pack dog. If you are the pack leader and you have children, make sure your dog knows he is at the bottom of the pecking order. This allows your children the ability to assume the pack leader role when you are not available.

Dogs have lived this way for thousands of years and they know that they must maintain their position. If you are not the strong leader required, your dog will begin moving himself up the pecking order. This likely means that you may find yourself at the same level as your dog in the pecking order. If your dog has to seek leadership from you, they may begin to show aggression or shyness tendencies. This is the first sign that you have not been the leader your dog requires.

You must now take steps to remedy the situation and reestablish yourself as the pack leader. This may mean that you are the only one that waters and feeds the dog.You must be the only one involved in exercising and training your dog. The dog will only look to you for everything he needs. When it is food time, he must wait and sit patiently. The same must be true when you are getting ready for a walk. This should soon reestablish you as the pack leader and it will place the dog back in the pecking order where he belongs.

Carl Paul Jochim II http://www.dogsarepets.com Please take time to visit my website and get a better understanding of Love My Dog Training Guide that was written for people who really do love their dog and don’t want to use training methods that incorporate cruelty such as choke chains, shock collars, or any forms of punishment. A dog shouldn’t be punished for being a dog! Successful training isn’t about getting your dog to obey you, it’s about you understanding your dog so you can effectively teach him what you want him to do. This guide shows you exactly how to train your dog step-by-step using positive reinforcement and rewards.